<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">知情权及其行使</span><font face="Times New Roman"><br/> </font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">知情权有广义与狭义之分。广义的知情权，是指公民、法人或其他组织依法享有的、要求义务人公开一定的信息的权利和在法律允许的范围内获取各类信息的自由，它既属于公法意义上的权利，又属于私法意义上的权利；既包括抽象的权利又包括具体的权利；既包括民主权利、政治权利也包括人身权利、财产权利等。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">[5] </font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">狭义的知情权，就是公民针对政府工作、针对政府的政务公开的一项权利。司法作为最后一道屏障，必须使知情权成为司法上可诉的权利。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">[6]</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">本文所探讨的知情权主要是从私法意义上进行使用的。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><br/> </font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> 1993</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年颁布的《中华人民共和国消费者权益保护法》</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以下简称《消法》</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">首次出现知情权概念，该法第</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">8</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">条规定：</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">消费者享有知悉其购买、使用的商品或者接受服务的真实情况的权利。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《消法》上的消费者是指为满足生活消费需要购买、使用商品或接受服务的、由国家专门法律确认其主体地位和保护其消费权益的个人。只有自然人才能成为最终消费的主体。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">[7]</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《消法》规定的消费者</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">7</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">项权利应当完全适用于房地产消费者。这</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">7</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">项权利包括：获得真实信息的权利、自由选择的权利、人身健康和安全不受损害的权利、经济利益不受损害的权利、获得补救和赔偿的权利、进行社会监督的权利和受消费教育的权利。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">[8] </font></span></p><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">本案中，被告某开发建设总公司提出其作为商品房销售者的合同义务已履行完毕，但这并不能作为拒绝向消费者出示所购买商品房设计图纸和施工验收记录的依据。因为即便是机关档案，尚可以借阅，作为房地产开发企业不能以保护所谓商业秘密为由侵害购房人的知情权，这是对商业秘密</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">[9]</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">不适当的扩大解释。根据《建设工程勘察设计管理条例》第三十三条第二款的规定，施工图设计文件未经审查批准的，不得使用。按照建设部《商品房销售管理办法》第十九条第二款</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">[10]</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">的规定，房屋交付时，套型要与设计图纸一致。根据建设部建房</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(1998)102</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">号文的规定，《新建住宅质量保证书》、《新建住宅使用说明书》已经成为必要公示的内容，其目的保证购房者的知情权，那么同样值得购房者关注的设计规划图也应为其设定公示要求。整体布局规划、单项景观设计、辅助设施配套在项目规划时都已经规划部门及其他专业管理部门批准确定，同样这些也是开发商申请住宅小区住宅竣工验收所必须提供的文件，那么向购房者公示并不会造成开发商过多的负重。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">[11]</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">在利益衡量和价值取向上，也应当优先保护作为消费者的购房户，而不能以保护开发商的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">"</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">商业秘密</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">"</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">而拒绝购房人的正当合理要求。更何况，如确系商业秘密，作为合同相对方的购房人也有保守其所知悉情况的义务，违反该义务，房地产开发商完全可以借助侵权法予以救济，其以商业秘密为由不予向特定的合同相对方</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">-</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">购房人提供设计图和施工记录等，于情于理于法都是说不过去的。正如有人所言：“随着法治时代的到来，对法官所应具有的公平正义的现代法治理念、熟知并能灵活运用法律的专业素质、丰富的社会生活经验等均提出了很高的要求，要求法官通晓法律基础理论和各种法律制度规范，树立法治观念和思想，深刻理解立法意图，熟悉立法活动规则，熟练掌握法律方法这一司法技能，创造性地适用法律，创造典型案例，探索司法审判的时代特征和规律。”</span>
[此贴子已经被作者于2006-7-12 8:49:06编辑过]
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发表于 2006-7-2 12:54
